This -31 VDC is the same through the entire wire connecting through the 250k Depth pot, 220k grid leak resistors, and 1500 grid stopper resistor on the power tubes because no DC current is flowing because it has no where to go. I'm assuming the 25 uF cap after filters it into a smooth enough DC voltage of -31, negative because the diode only allows the negative part of the wave to pass through. Looking at fixed biasing on the 5F11, I notice the 10k resistor and opposing diode from the secondary winding on the power transformer create a negative voltage. Is this simply the voltage across the cathode bias resistor + the variance on the grid which gets translated to the cathode?ĥ. Looking at cathode biasing, cathode biasing is said to vary. Does current blows flow through the tube even when the grid is most negative? i.e is my AC signal turned in an AC signal with a positive DC offset which then gets filtered out by the Coupling cap?Ĥ. Does the Cathode follow the grid simply due to capacitive action wherein the variance in the grid voltage creates a variance on the cathode? Is this because the two are close in proximity?ģ. Seems these happen simultaneously so why the out of phase output?Ģ. Why is the output on the tube/valve's plate out of phase from the grid and cathode? It seems like a positive voltage on the grid would encourage electrons to flow and give a more positive output on the plate while a negative charge would repel the electrons and give a more negative output. I have some questions though that I still don't understand and I was hoping someone could enlightenment me.ġ. I've been thoroughly enjoying learning how an amplifier works.

I already tinker with electronics and an Arduino and have build a couple effects pedals. Lately I've been spending hours and hours studying which is a fantastic site by the way and watching some of Uncle Doug's youtube videos along with pouring over the 5F1, 5E3, 5F11, and 5F9 schematics. Leaning towards the 5F11, which the 5E3 as an option too. I've recently decided I want to build an amplifier.

5f11 output transformer